Sources

¹ Kaiser Family Foundation, Employer Health Benefit Survey, (Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009). http://ehbs.kff.org/

² P.R. Orszag, Growth in Health Care Costs: Statement Before the Committee on the Budget, United States Senate, (Washington, DC: Congressional Budget Office, Jan 31 2008), available at http://www.cbo.gov/doc.cfm?index=8948

³ For more information on small business and health reform, see Council of Economic Advisers, The Economic Effects of Health Care Reform on Small Businesses and Their Employees, July 2009. http://www.whitehouse.gov/assets/documents/CEA-smallbusiness-july24.pdf

⁴ Gabel J, McDevitt R, Gandolfo L, et al. Generosity and Adjusted Premiums in Job-Based Insurance: Hawaii is Up, Wyoming is Down. Health Affairs, 2006, 25(3): 832-843.

⁵ Conwell, LJ. “The Role of Health Insurance Brokers: Providing Small Employers with a Helping Hand.” Health System Change Issue Brief No. 57, October 2002.

⁶ Congressional Budget Office (CBO). 2008. Key Issues in Analyzing Major Health Insurance Proposals. Washington, DC (December). http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/99xx/doc9924/12-18-KeyIssues.pdf

⁷ Holve E, Brodie M, Levitt L. Small business executives and health insurance: Findings from a national survey of very small firms. Managed Care Interface. 2003;16(9):19–24.

⁸ Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Insurance Component. Table I.C.1, 2008. Premium adjusted to 2016 dollars using CMS National Health Expenditure Accounts.

⁹ Congressional Budget Office. Analysis of Exchange Subsidies and Enrollee Payments in 2016, Senate Finance Committee Chairman’s Mark as Amended. October 9, 2009. http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/106xx/doc10642/SFC_Subsidies_Penalties_10-09.pdf

¹⁰ Benefits under current health plans are not necessarily equivalent to the “silver” plan in the exchange.

¹¹ Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Insurance Component. Table I.C.1, 2008. Premium adjusted to 2016 dollars using CMS National Health Expenditure Accounts.

¹² Congressional Budget Office. Analysis of Exchange Subsidies and Enrollee Payments in 2016, Senate Finance Committee Chairman’s Mark as Amended. October 9, 2009. http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/106xx/doc10642/SFC_Subsidies_Penalties_10-09.pdf

¹³ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; Special runs from the 2008 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey – Insurance Component.

¹⁴ Families USA. Hidden Health Tax: Americans Pay a Premium. May 2009. http://www.familiesusa.org/assets/pdfs/hidden-health-tax.pdf

¹⁵ National Economic Council. The Burden of Health Insurance Premium Increases on American Families. September 2009. http://www.whitehouse.gov/assets/documents/Health_Insurance_Premium_Report.pdf

¹⁶ Kaiser Family Foundation, Employer Health Benefit Survey, (Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009). http://ehbs.kff.org/

¹⁷ Center for Financing, Access and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2006-2007.

¹⁸ U.S. Census Bureau. Current Population Survey, March 2008.

¹⁹ Center for Financing, Access and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2006-2007.

²⁰ U.S. Census Bureau. Current Population Survey, March 2008.

²¹ Doty MM, Collins SR, Rustgi SD, et al. Out of Options: Why So Many Workers in Small Businesses Lack Affordable Health Insurance, and How Health Care Reform Can Help. Commonwealth Fund, September 2009. http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/Files/Publications/Issue%20Brief/2009/Sep/1316_Doty_out_of_options_ib_FINAL_v2.pdf

²² Center for Financing, Access and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2006.

²³ Kaiser Family Foundation, The Uninsured: A Primer, Key Facts about Americans without Health Insurance, (Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009). http://www.kff.org/uninsured/upload/7451-05.pdf

²⁴ Institute of Medicine. Hidden Costs, Value Lost: Uninsurance in America. June 2003. Estimates brought to 2008 dollars using the Consumer Price Index.

²⁵ Pauly MV, Nicholson S, Xu J, et al. A general model of the impact of absenteeism on employers and employees. Health Economics. 2002;11:221–231.

²⁶ Doty MM, Collins SR, Rustgi SD, et al. Out of Options: Why So Many Workers in Small Businesses Lack Affordable Health Insurance, and How Health Care Reform Can Help. Commonwealth Fund, September 2009. http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/Files/Publications/Issue%20Brief/2009/Sep/1316_Doty_out_of_options_ib_FINAL_v2.pdf

²⁷ Doty MM, Collins SR, Rustgi SD, et al. Out of Options: Why So Many Workers in Small Businesses Lack Affordable Health Insurance, and How Health Care Reform Can Help. Commonwealth Fund, September 2009. http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/Files/Publications/Issue%20Brief/2009/Sep/1316_Doty_out_of_options_ib_FINAL_v2.pdf